Temperature and Precipitation Trends in Canada During the 20th Century

نویسندگان

  • Xuebin Zhang
  • Lucie A. Vincent
چکیده

Trends in Canadian temperature and precipitation during the 20th century are analyzed using recently updated and adjusted station data. Six elements, maximum, minimum and mean temperatures along with diurnal temperature range (DTR), precipitation totals and ratio of snowfall to total precipitation are investigated. Anomalies from the 1961–1990 reference period were first obtained at individual stations, and were then used to generate gridded datasets for subsequent trend analyses. Trends were computed for 1900–1998 for southern Canada (south of 608N), and separately for 1950–1998 for the entire country, due to insufficient data in the high arctic prior to the 1950s. From 1900–1998, the annual mean temperature has increased between 0.5 and 1.58C in the south. The warming is greater in minimum temperature than in maximum temperature in the first half of the century, resulting in a decrease of DTR. The greatest warming occurred in the west, with statistically significant increases mostly seen during spring and summer periods. Annual precipitation has also increased from 5% to 35% in southern Canada over the same period. In general, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation has been increasing due mostly to the increase in winter precipitation which generally falls as snow and an increase of ratio in autumn. Negative trends were identified in some southern regions during spring. From 1950–1998, the pattern of temperature change is distinct: warming in the south and west and cooling in the northeast, with similar magnitudes in both maximum and minimum temperatures. This pattern is mostly evident in winter and spring. Across Canada, precipitation has increased by 5% to 35%, with significant negative trends found in southern regions during winter. Overall, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation has increased, with significant negative trends occurring mostly in southern Canada during spring. Indices of abnormal climate conditions are also examined. These indices were defined as areas of Canada for 1950–1998, or southern Canada for 1900–1998, with temperature or precipitation anomalies above the 66th or below the 34th percentiles in their relevant time series. These confirmed the above findings and showed that climate has been becoming gradually wetter and warmer in southern Canada throughout the entire century, and in all of Canada during the latter half of the century. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 396 / Xuebin Zhang et al. résumé On a analysé les tendances de la température et de la précipitation au Canada durant le 20 siècle en utilisant les données de stations récemment mises à jour et ajustées. On examine six éléments: les températures maximales, minimales et moyennes ainsi que l’écart diurne de température (EDT), la précipitation totale et le rapport neige à précipitation totale. On a d’abord obtenu les anomalies aux stations individuelles pour la période de référence 1961–1990, dont on a ensuite engendré des ensembles de données quadrillées utilisées pour les analyses de tendances. Les tendances ont été calculées pour 1900–1998 sur le sud du Canada (au sud de 608 de latitude nord) et séparément pour 1950–1998 sur tout le pays, à cause de l’insuffisance des données sur l’Arctique septentrional avant les années de 1950. De 1900 à 1998, la température annuelle moyenne a augmenté entre 0.5 et 1.58C dans le sud. Le réchauffement est plus marqué pour la température minimale que pour la température maximale durant la première partie du siècle, ce qui diminue aussi le EDT. Le réchauffement le plus important s’est produit sur l’ouest, et on y voit des augmentations statistiquement significatives surtout durant les périodes de printemps et d’été. La précipitation annuelle a aussi augmenté de 5 à 35% sur le sud du Canada durant la même période. En général, le rapport neige à précipitation totale a augmenté surtout à cause de la précipitation hivernale, qui tombe principalement sous forme de neige, et aussi à une augmentation du rapport en automne. On a identifié des tendances négatives sur certaines régions du sud au printemps. De 1950 à 1998, le genre de changement de température est distinct: réchauffement sur le sud et l’ouest et refroidissement au nord-est, avec des amplitudes semblables pour les températures maximales et minimales. Ces caractéristiques se manifestent surtout en hiver et au printemps. Sur l’étendue du Canada, la précipitation s’est accrue de 5 à 35%, mais on trouve des tendances négatives sur les régions du sud en hiver. Dans l’ensemble, le rapport de la précipitation nivale à la précipitation totale a augmenté, mais avec des tendances négatives statistiquement significatives surtout sur le sud du Canada au printemps. On examine aussi des indices de conditions climatiques anormales. On a défini ces indices comme les régions du Canada pour la période 1950–1998, ou du sud du Canada pour la période 1900–1998, démontrant des anomalies au dessus du 66 ou sous le 34 pourcentile de leur série temporelle propre. Ces indices ont confirmé les résultats ci-haut et montré que le climat est graduellement devenu plus chaud et qu’il y a plus de précipitations au sud du Canada tout au long du siècle, ainsi que partout au Canada durant la deuxième moitié du siècle.

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تاریخ انتشار 2000